Effects of Government Price Ceilings

Effects of Government Price Ceilings Markets, International Trade, Government Donna Green Governments have stepped in and set minimum and maximum prices ever since they have had control over the populace. Just in the United States alone, governments have predetermined the price of gasoline, added rent control to housing in New York City, and even fixed a minimum on unskilled labors wages. However, sometimes governments may tend to go past simply establishing price floors and price ceilings, and attempt to take over the prices of the general markets. This was done throughout World War I and World War II, as well as during the Korean War in the United States. The attraction of controlling prices is logical. These types of controls offer an assurance of protecting those that might be specifically hard-pressed to endure an increase to prices. Nevertheless, by doing so, the governments may sometimes fall short in shielding consumers and at the same time damage others. In the first scenario we are faced with the government setting a price ceiling on gasoline. Price ceilings are created to prevent prices of a product from exceeding a set maximum. However, if this is not done with the utmost caution, and the price in which the ceiling is set is below the equilibrium, it can create a drastic shortage of the product. As seen in the graph below, in order to maintain an even flow between price and demand, the government would have needed to set a price ceiling of no less than approximately $50/barrel to avoid shortages back in June of 2012. For example, 1973 and1979, the United States set a price ceiling on gasoline, which was below the equilibrium (Rockoff, 2008). This caused sellers to sale gas on a first-come-first-served basis, which also caused many consumers to have to wait in extensive lines to acquire gasoline as well as creating shortages. This is just one obvious example of the kind of chaos that can be created from the government setting a price ceiling on the gasoline market. That being said, a price ceiling can be a good thing at times. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina was on its way to impact the southeast United States coast. As impact was determined and warnings went out, many convenient stores significantly raised their gasoline prices overnight. This is known as price gauging. It is against the law, and a price ceiling is one way of preventing these types of circumstances from taking place and abusing consumers. These laws also apply to the other end of the spectrum to protect the populace. There is also a flip side to price ceilings where the government may set a minimum price. In the second scenario we have the government setting a minimum wage for unskilled laborers also called minimum wage. This is called a price floor. In 1992 a survey of economists was published asking them about general controls. With the statement made, â€Å"Wage-price controls are a useful policy option in the control of Inflation,† there were only 8.4% who agreed, there were 17.7% who agreed with qualifications, but the majority of 73.9% disagreed (Alston et al. 1992, p. 204). The price floor on wages could causeunemployment levels to rise, although they do increase the overall income of laborers in the regulated markets. As we see in the chart below, minimum wage versus the job market is inelastic, meaning that as minimum wage rises, the amount of employed laborers falls, increasing unemployment rates. Do to inflation, minimum wage does need to be adjusted to a degree, however, that d egree is a very sensitive one, and governments must take this into consideration. Price ceilings floors, however, are not the only issues that can significantly affect the economic market. Governments also have to deal with international trade. International Trade is the trading of services and products between at least two countries. Mankiw states ‘all countries can benefit from trading one another because trade allows each country to specialize in doing what it does best, ’ (Mankiw, 2013). This simply means that international trade is based upon the foundation that each country alone is not able to produce everything they need with the resources at their disposal and stay inside a minimum cost and quality range. The households benefit by having the ability to attain the best products at the lowest prices. Countries benefit because they can focus their resources in producing extra of the products which have a more comparative advantage and trading the overflow for those products they are short on. Also countries exporting earn foreign exchange which helps with obligations towards international debt, and can even increase appreciation of their currency. Th e owners of the exported products also get an advantage by increasing the prices in-line with global pricing, which is normally higher than the domestic prices. There are also losses to international trading that can occur. For one, this trading creates a dependency on other countries which can become an issue under circumstances such as political disagreements or even war. For instance, almost every country imports oil from countries like OPEC and Venezuela (Mankiw, 2013). If even one of these two countries were to stop exporting oil, much of the world would be at a standstill in less than a month because of these dependencies. There are other issues that can also affect importing and exporting with other countries such as tariffs, which is a fee that is assessed on imports. This can be done in several different ways, but the most common is the ‘specific tariff,’ which is a simple per unit charge. Governments may do this to help increase revenue or to protect domestic markets and industries from the competition from foreigners (Investopedia, 2013). This charge must be paid by the exporting country to the importing country. However, this can also lead to trade wars, as the other countries may start to add tariffs themselves to all of their imports. The WTO (World Trade Organization) is in place to ensure avoidance of just such issues being exaggerated. We can see how a tariff plays a role of increasing the price of imported goods in the graph below. It is important to understand that tariffs are not the only taxes that can affect the price of products and services. Governments tax most everything with the exception of groceries. For example, taxes on gasoline are one of the hottest debated among economists. There have been numerous studies exploring the effects of a range of gasoline taxes and how they might affect supply and demand (Picker, 2013). The bulk of the revenue generated from gasoline tax is placed in the Highway Trust Fund. Debates started in the early 2000’s over the use of gasoline taxes to create revenue (Ferguson, 2007). There are those policymakers who believe that the tax should be reduced or even suspended all together. Mankiw reasons that an increase in the gasoline tax, even by just one dollar, would produce $100 billion revenue in the first year (Mankiw, 2006). This money could be used to start paying off on the deficient; however, some policymakers fear that it will just increase government spending. Therefore, the efficiency of the revenue is dependent upon how the government uses the funds. Also, taxes make the t otal price per gallon go up for consumers, who, as we have seen in the past, may look to alternative means of travel to save the cash, which will actually cause revenues to decrease as the demand for gasoline decreases (shown in the chart below). There are many different factors that can influence and affect the economic structure of the country. From price ceilings to price floors, along with federal taxes and tariffs on imports, every aspect of economics has its advantages and disadvantages. It is up to the households, firms, governments, and countries to work together to keep the economy flourishing with growth. References Alston, R. M., Kearl, J. R. Vaughan, M. B.. (1992). â€Å"Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990’s?†American Economic Review82: 203–209. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2117401?uid=3739600uid=2uid=4uid=3739256sid=21103270803147 Ferguson, J. (2007). â€Å"Should the US increase the Federal Gas Tax?†Major Themes in Economics. Retrieved from http://business.uni.edu/economics/Themes/ferguson.pdf Investopedia. (2013). Tariff. Retrieved on January 14, 2014 from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tariff.asp Mankiw, N. G. (2013) Principles of Economics[VitalSouce bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781133890805/id/ch09 Mankiw, N. G. (2006), â€Å"Raise the Gas Tax,† Wall Street Journal, A12. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB116131055641498552 Picker, L. (2013).The Effect of Gasoline Taxes on Work Effort. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/digest/jul04/w10330.html Rockoff, H. (2008).Price Controls. Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PriceControls.html

Pros and Cons of Ethical Theories

Ethical Theories- Pros and Cons Katherine Bryson ETH/316 October 15, 2012 Mark Cobia Ethical Theories- Pros and Cons The similarities between the virtue theory, the utilitarianism theory and deontological theory are that they all support good and responsibility. Virtue theory not only concentrates on how an individual acts but also what a person should strive to be, for example a religious figure may personify perfection when in the public when they really should strive for that perfection at all times. The deontological theory states that people â€Å"have a moral obligation to follow certain principles. I liken this to the Ten Commandments, rules or principles that we all are expected to follow. â€Å"The utilitarian theories, as supported by John Stuart Mill, call for generating the greatest aggregate good for the greatest number of people. One major benefit of such theories is that they take consequences into account. They seek specifically to promote the human good as a whole. They also provide guidance for behavior, enabling people to know what qualifies as the moral choice. † I will again use the religious area as an example because to me this is what the religious leaders do.They preach to the multitudes to be good and do good and they also offer guidance. The differences between virtue theory, utilitarian and decontological are that â€Å"virtue ethics cannot generate specific rules to guide behavior. † Under the utilitarian theory â€Å"only total human good or happiness matters. † Deontological theories â€Å"do not always clarify how to rank duties. † I lived in a very small community where everyone knew everyone and we all thought we were living the life of good moral standards and values, until one day I saw a very prominent member of the community, enter an establishment that everyone knew was a hangout for drug users.This person was there for a long time and when they came out you could tell they were under the influ ence. Now according to the deontology theory it was my obligation to report this person to the proper authorities, but I fell short because it meant the demise of a family.References Ridley, Aaron. 1998. Beginning Bioethics. New York: St. Martin’s Press http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm http://www. ehow. com/info_8404891_pros-cons-ethical-theories. html

Human Sexual Behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 343 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Sex Essay Did you like this example? A guest speaker from Southwestern College was talking about sex. This is not about sex education; the speaker was talking about sexuality and violence. Theres different way of having sex which are Good Sex, Sloppy Sex, Bad Sex, Regretted Sex, and Sexual Violence. Sexual Violence does not belong in the continuum because it contains rape which is a choice. Rape is someone taking advantage of another person sexually. Sexual assault can be verbal, physical, visual, or anything that forces a person to join in unwanted sexual contact or attention. Unwelcome sexual behavior has been a serious problem in our society for many years. People need to focus more on this problem, because a lot of men still don’t take it seriously, it happens, because they don’t know the real definition of sexual harassment. Alcohol is often a contributing factor in sexual assault especially when people are drinking, they may be unintentionally increase their chances of being sexually assau lted, as alcohol dulls our senses and our judgment. A perpetrator may even buy a person drinks to make them an easier victim. May people believe that the college life should be known as party schools. Downsides to the heavy drinking/drug use on todays campuses, colleges are taking an increasingly dim view of excessive drinking or binge drinking which is a major public health issue. Also, this increases sexual assault crimes such as rape, date rape and deaths. Though, many cultures have other vocabulary words for men and women according to the before and after sex chart. It has always been an issue for men to accept that females like to have fun here and there as much as they do. When a man gets around with the ladies, he’s considered to be a ladies’ man or to be more like a Pimp. When females get around with guys she is called a â€Å"slut† or any trashy names. This is why man gets all the positive feedback while the women still gets all the negative feedb acks after getting laid or having sex. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Sexual Behavior" essay for you Create order

Aristotle on Friendship - 1069 Words

In book eight of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines the three types of friendships that exist in the Greek word philia (a broader definition of friendship than one might think), which are based off usefulness, pleasure, or goodness, the three reasons for liking something: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure and complete friendships. In the beginning, Aristotle says that friendship is a virtue or at least involves virtue. It is necessary to life, since no one would choose to live without friends even if he had all other material goods. Friendships serve as a refuge in times of misfortune, it helps prevent the young from making error, helps the old in their weakness, helps those in the prime of life to perform noble actions and holds cities together. Parents have a natural friendship with their children, and to a certain degree those who are similar. When men are friends, there is no need of justice, but when even if men are just, friendship is still necessary; and the j ustice that is most just seems to belong to friendship. Friendship takes time. Aristotle distinguishes between what he believes to be a genuine friendship and two other forms: one based on mutual usefulness, the other on pleasure. These two forms only last if there is utility and pleasure, whereas a complete friendship does not dissolve. One of the friendships Aristotle describes is the friendship of utility. In this type of friendship, a person will often use someone else to help themselvesShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle On Friendship1480 Words   |  6 Pageswork The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle addresses the question: what is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that the generally accepted notion of the human good is happiness or, alternatively put, eudaimonia. The difficulty surrounding the age old question, and the topic that Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics primarily addresses, is not what we call the human good, but rather how happiness is defined and what con tributes to a good, eudaimonic, flourishing life. Aristotle writes that happiness is anRead MoreAristotle on Friendship Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle on Friendship We are social creatures. We surround ourselves with other human beings, our friends. It is in our nature. We are constantly trying to broaden the circumference of our circle of friends. Aristotle understood the importance of friendship, books VIII and IX of the Nicomachean Ethics deal solely with this topic. A modern day definition of a friend can be defined as â€Å"one joined to another in intimacy and mutual benevolence independently of sexual or family love†. (OxfordRead MoreAristotle on Friendship Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesAristotle On Friendship Philosophical Ethics December 6, 1995 Friendship is undoubtedly one of the most important elements in the books of Aristotles ethical principles. Aristotle takes the idea of friendship to a serious degree. He categorizes them into three groups or types of friendships. This report will attempt to define each type of friendship as well as identify the role of friendship in a society. Aristotle considers friendship to be a necessity to live. HeRead MoreEssay Aristotle On Friendship1333 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle wrote on many subjects in his lifetime but one of the virtues that he examines more extensively is friendship. Aristotle believes that there are three different kinds of friendship: utility, pleasure, and virtuous friendships. He also argues that a real friendship should be highly valued because it is a complete virtue and he believes it to be greater than honor and justice. Aristotle suggests that human’s love of utility and pleasure is the only reason why the first two types of friendshipsRead MoreAristotle s Views On Friendship890 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Aristotle s views on friendships he believes that friendship is necessary to live a good life, inspires us to be virtuous, and is a kind of love. Aristotle also believes friendships help people predispose their character and keeps the youth away from errors. Additionally frien dship gives support during weakness and helps people be generous and know when they need help. Aristotle views that there are three kinds of friendships, pleasure, utility, and perfect friendships. Pleasure friendshipsRead MoreAristotle s Portrayal Of Friendship1708 Words   |  7 Pagesvirtuous character. While in Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle s depiction of friendship is a lively one, they show affection and their own virtuous character translates to our own. In contrast, Seneca s On The Shortness Of Life suggests that we should seek friends of virtue with the dead because they possess the ability to always be with us and guide us with their own knowledge of life. While Aristotle and Seneca would rather choose one form of friendship over the other, we can denounce the notion thatRead MoreFriendship Between Aristotle And Nietzsche1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthings that everyone shares. One common thing is friendship. Almost everyone Earth has experienced friendship and love whether it was a positive or negative experience. Aristotle and Nietzsche both have views on love and friendship, but have some very clear differences. This paper will show what consists of friendship to Aristotle, a rebuttal from Nietzsche, and how Aristotle’s beliefs can show and prove otherwise. Both philosophers believe that friendship is necessary in human life but both break downRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Friendship1415 Words   |  6 Pageswould choose a friendless existence on condition of having all the other things in the world (Aristotle).† Humans are social beings, social beyond any other creature in the world. Human interaction is a must for survival. It is in our nature. Aristotle understood this, he even had his own analysis of friendship. In the Nicomachean Ethics written by Aristotle, books VIII and IX are based off of friendship. Today, the definition of a friend is, â€Å"A person with whom one has a bond of mutual affectionRead MoreAristotle s Types Of Friendship2060 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to Aristotle, one can experience three different types of friendship. The first type is a friend who is used for utilitarian purposes. Aristotle, however, quickly dismisses this type. As an example, Aristotle explains that one could never be friends w ith wine; while wine is satisfying to the person drinking the wine, no person ever wishes wine good fortune (Aristotle, 32). In order for a relationship between two people to be considered a friendship, one must want good things for the personRead MoreAristotle s Views On Friendship1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Aristotle attaches importance to friendship within his ethical reflections. It suffices to recall that the Nicomachean Ethics, the most representative of the ethical works of Aristotle, contains two complete books, books VIII and IX, dedicated to friendship. This means that the theme of friendship is given a much wider space than other fundamental ethical issues. However, this breadth in his explanations is not something casual, but rather responds to Aristotle’s belief that friendship is something

Horizontal Violence and Staff Morale Essay - 1049 Words

When one goes into the profession of nursing it is usually not for the money, job security or the glamour of the job. Those of us who chose nursing as our profession generally care for others and want to make a difference in the world. New nurses are excited to become licensed and to start working in the profession of nursing. When new nurses enter the field of nursing, they are often met with more experienced nurses who have practiced longer and subsequently has more experience. This maybe an opportunity for the new graduate to learn and grow or it can lead to horizontal violence in the work place. Horizontal violence decreases patient safety and job satisfaction drastically. Horizontal violence is unfortunately not new to the†¦show more content†¦The physician began screaming and cursing in the middle of the unit. He questioned her education by stating, â€Å"where did you go to medical school†. The nurse became really upset and began to cry. The behavior exhibited by the physician iss a textbook example of horizontal violence. Behaviors of horizontal violence include name calling, spreading rumors and making threats to someone (Echevarria, 2013). These activities may cause mayhem for the victim of horizontal violence and can drastically reduce patient safety. When a nurse is being bullied through horizontal violence, a patients’ safety is put at a great risk of being affected. Effective communication is necessary for nurses to provide safe and reliable care. According to Purpora and Blegen, approximately 60% of actual errors in patient care result from poor and ineffective communication (para. 3). Horizontal violence causes a decrease in effective communication between caregivers which places the patient’s safety in jeopardy. Horizontal violence decreases staff morale which leaves room for error in the workplace (Longo Smith, 2011). Nurses are more likely to make errors in caring for their patients when they do not have the appropriate support from their coworkers. The demeaning behavior causes the person being bullied not to ask questions or seek assistance when they are unsure of a task. This leads to making assumptions in the care of the patient and unfortunatelyShow MoreRelatedConflict Within The Field Of Nursing850 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of different levels of the employees. Focusing in on one of those areas would be the nurse to nurse, or horizontal/lateral violence. Tanja and Eliza Schub stated (2015), â€Å"Conflict itself is not inherently negative and can actually be a stimulus for positive change, but conflict between nurses that is either ignored or handled inappropriately is a major source of stress for nursing staff across care settings.† Situations in which the conflict is not being properly dealt with can lead to an increaseRead MoreAre Leadership Mentoring Programs Beneficial? Increasing Patient Care Outcomes?982 Words   |  4 Pagesaim of the literature review was to determine if the initiation of leadership mentoring programs would improve the competence and integration of new nurse leaders to increase patient health outcomes in clinical practice settings. â€Å"Trends such as low morale, a general apathy regarding professional collegiate support, heavier workloads, reduced resources, and higher patient acuity can contribute to job dissatisfaction, poor work performance, and may be putting positive patient health outcomes a t risk†Read MoreLateral Violence in the Workplace1270 Words   |  6 PagesLateral violence in the workplace Lona A Smeltzer Southern New Hampshire University Lateral violence in the workplace Abstract This paper explores five published articles as they relate to the concept of Lateral violence (LV) within the nursing profession and how it directly affects the work environment. The concept of LV is also known as abusive behavior, horizontal violence, bullying, aggression, horizontal hostility, verbal abuse or â€Å"nurses eating their young†. There are fourRead MoreDifference Between Violence And Lateral Violence Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesCivility and Lateral Violence in Nursing Lateral violence is a devastating phenomenon in the nursing workplace. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper there will be information provided to figure out why there is lateral violence in the workplace and how to incorporate civility. Lateral violence refers to acts that occur between colleagues, where bullying is described as acts perpetrated byRead MoreWorkplace Bullying Is A Phenomenon That Affects Many Organizations Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace bullying is a phenomenon that affects many organizations, especially among healthcare professionals. â€Å"Bullying of nurses has been identified as affecting patient outcomes, occupational stress, and staff turnover with fifty percent of those reported being bullied identified managers or directors as the bullies†(Etienne, 2014, p. 6). This paper will analyze data, information, knowledge, and wisdom continuum as it relates to workplace bullying in the healthcare environment. It will identifyRead MoreThe Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Workplace1159 Words   |  5 Pageswithin many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘hor izontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in the workplace and how to encourage civility. Lateral violence is defined as acts that occur between colleagues wherein, bullying isRead MoreCivility And Lateral Violence Within Nursing1068 Words   |  5 Pagesand Lateral Violence in Nursing Civility in the work place, or the lack thereof, has been identified as a growing problem within many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in the workplaceRead MoreGun Violence Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages Violence has become a major health issue in the society. Workplace violence is one of the areas that continues to witness a rise. This takes various forms, inclusive are bullying and active gun shooter incidents. This paper will discuss this problem in relation to Nursing. Article Discussion Sadly, gun violence has become a part of everyday life in the United States. Hardly can a week go by without one or more reported incidents of gun violence in schools, nightclubs, work place, churches, andRead MoreHorizontal Violence Against Nurses During Workplace2446 Words   |  10 Pages Horizontal Violence against Nurses in Workplace Cyron Christian Viado Ryerson University Family and Violence CSOC 502 Dr. Maria Wallis June 9, 2015 Horizontal Violence against Nurses in Workplace The primary purpose of health care is to serve the patients’ physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. However in a recent news headline in Vancouver Sun newspaper in February 24, 2015 tackle the stories entitled: B.C. nurses to begin filing charges against violent and aggressive patients. It statedRead MoreEssay about Providing Security for Nurses2909 Words   |  12 Pagesovercome in the profession of nursing is violence (Huston, 2014). Anyone familiar with nursing has long known that violence is the â€Å"redheaded stepchild† of the profession, but for those with an outsider’s perspective looking in, the concept can be somewhat difficult to comprehend. It’s been suggested the confusion may stem from people’s misconception about the true meaning of the term violence, or even simply the disbelief that nurses are even subjected to violence in the first place (Huston, 2014).

Microbiology Bacteria Paper Free Essays

I would not say science is storybook fun, but who knew it become a mystery. Trying to find out what was in our number seven vial would become a battle we were willing to take on. As I began the test of deciding if our little bacteria friend was gram positive or negative, Jordan my science teammate, was putting together a smear plate. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Bacteria Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In as little as ten minutes we had discovered by the pink oval shapes we were observing, our microbe friend was a gram negative rod. We had narrowed our search down to five! We decided next we would do oxygen along with a motility test. Along with those, we did a fermentation investigation. These tests would narrow our pursuit down even further. Unfortunately these tests take time. The following day, we curiously went to our ‘stash’ of experiments. As we observed we soon realized our little bacteria was a non-motile, facultative anaerobe. With the observation of acid and gas formation, this microorganism was able to catabolize glucose, lactose and fructose. Our smear plate, with white convex muciod looking colonies confirmed our suspicion. We were now looking at vial number seven with anew respect, he now had a name, and that name was Klebsiella pneumonia. Read also Lab 2 Biology Now that our mystery microbe had a proper name, where would we find it? This bacterium, I found out is ubiquitous in nature, meaning it seems to be present, everywhere at the same time. Just about anywhere you would step, touch or see in nature you could bet this little guy is there. Its family is abundant in soil, water and vegetables. But they have cousins, uncles, second cousins etc. just about everywhere else. â€Å"Wow†, was all I could muster. But our friend not only had a large family in nature, this microbe also found residence inside the human body. The respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts are a favored neighborhood for this microscopic organism. This tiny microbe seems to find just about any region environmentally friendly. Not only is it very versatile in were it lives, I would soon learn it was also just as versatile in what is able to do. This small bacterium could devastate the human body if allowed to. Our secret microbe was considered to be an opportunistic human pathogen, meaning that under certain conditions it may cause disease. All this little guy needed was the perfect scenario and he could ‘thrive’ in only a way harmful bacterium could. Read Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Persons with underlying diseases such as alcoholism or lung infections were some of their favorite captives. Along with people who are hospitalized and receive invasive procedures, being their other prime hostages. These guys are on the top ten most known list of nosocomial infection pathogens. Trying to get rid of this pathogen is no easy feat either! Once this type is let in he really does not want to leave. Of course, the first attack to rid the body of this pathogen is to use a timely and aggressive treatment of antibiotics. Even that though, can prove to not be beneficial. Since these little critters are proven to be resistant, meaning, they develop ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Many cases have to be treated with cephalosporin’s and aminoglycosides to give the bacteria a two-pronged attack. This bacterium certainly has a powerful army when dispersed. But how does this little fella do this? Well, the pathology for it to become Pneumonia develops when the bacilli invade and multiply within the alveolar spaces. General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class) iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/general-biology-ii-study-guide-online-class/embed/#?secret=NWtLO7Q1Ow" data-secret="NWtLO7Q1Ow" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe The pulmonary parenchyma becomes consolidated, and the mucoid exudates that fill the alveoli is controlled by macrophages, fibrin, and edema fluid. Neutrophils, our bodies own fighting soldiers are inhibited by a neutral polysaccharide in the capsule of this bacterium. Numerous encapsulated gram-negative bacilli appear free in the exudates and in alveolar macrophages. Then exudates accumulate and the alveolar wall becomes compacted and healthy tissue starts to degrade. This area, where the microbe does its best work, is the area of gas exchange with the blood, a vital part of the human anatomy/physiology. So when this microbe is able to take over, a hefty defense force of antibacterial agents have to come to the battle. Antibiotics themselves though have a become an overused tool. This has become a growing problem and many actions have now come into play to stop the abuse of these products. Some would argue a little too late. This lapse of poor judgment has led to the numerous strains of antibiotic resistant infections. Klebsiella pneumonia is one of the leading culprits. The thing is though, bacteria does not know its playing a dangerous game with us, all bacteria is trying to do is win. References Klebsiella pneumonia . Retrieved from: http://www.klebsiellapneumoniae.org/ (Klebsiella pneumoniae ,† 2011) Klebasiella pneumonia. Retrieved from http://www.histopathology-india.net/Klebsiella_pneumoniae.htm (Dr. Sampuna Roy, 2011) How to cite Microbiology Bacteria Paper, Papers

Five Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review

Question: State the purpose of the study, identify the problem and identify, describe, and critique for appropriateness any research objectives, questions, or hypotheses. If there are none, suggest how those might be stated. Answer: Purpose of the study, and identification of the problem The definition of nursing is changing in todays time. There are some iconic role models in nursing profession. Due to this some nurses chose their profession and try to follow the guideline given by their role models. But in todays time, only a few nurses can live up to the expectations of the patients. The concept of caring between nurses and patients is also changing (Nursingworld.org, 2015). The paper reviews a test to determine the gap between concept of care of nurses and patients. Examination of given literature review The used articles are relevant. The previous theories and studies are described. All the references are not current. Some are within the time span of 1980 and 2000. 16 references are from the last ten years. No sources are from the last 5 years. There is no particular knowledge on relation between care, outcomes and health. There is no certainty of whether nurses and patients have the same definition of care. Examination and critique of study framework The framework is explicitly expressed. In here, the framework is based on substantive theory. It identifies and describes relation between the concepts of interest. The framework reflects on knowledge of nursing. In the nursing profession proper knowledge of patients view on different aspects are very important. There is a difference in opinions of nurse and patient regarding to the care given by the nurse. The framework is done to assess this theory. Appropriateness of research objective. The research objectives were appropriate. Critique of variable. Independent variables are patient and nurses. Dependent variables are caring behavior. Critique of attributes and demographic variables Demographic variable was age of the patients. Critique of the research design. By research design of any study we mean is its study type. It may be descriptive, review, experimental, meta-analytic. The subtypes include variables, hypothesis, research question, experimental design (Khalid S Khan, 2003). The design study in this case is a review. Specifically, it is a systematic review. Grouping was done according o patients and nurses. Some pilot studies were used for designing this study. The present study was on findings of pilot study Description and critique of the sample and setting. Research studies which were quantitative and had nurses and patients perceptions were included in the study. The studies were from scientific journals. There was an excessive amount of studies but those were not used. The participants had to be adults. The setting was always a hospital or institute. Quantitative research designs were followed. At first, literatures were searched for so that the relevant articles were chosen. A total number of 262 articles were produced. The titles were screened for. Titles which were irrelevant were excluded. The remaining 98 articles were chosen for the next step. Duplicates were considered too. Then, an evaluation was done. Abstracts were checked for inclusion criteria. The ones meeting the criteria went on to the next phase. In the final phase, 51 articles were studied. No extra information was found by searching the references. 29 articles were zeroed on for quality checking. The 29 articles were read and evaluated by a checklist. Some of the studies were excluded that was not meeting inclusion criteria. 5 articles were thus excluded. To check that the exclusion was just, the articles were read twice. No fault was found. The articles finally chosen had in it the caring behavior. The articles had author, publication date, aim of study, sample size, details of population. Synthesis of da ta was then done by narrative approach. 23 articles were reviewed. By power analysis determination of sample size is done which is done to get effective results (Statmethods.net, 2015). No power analysis was done in the study. The samples chosen had some data on perception of nurse and patient about caring behavior. Sometimes participants drop out of the experiments being carried out. This is called sample mortality (Yu, 2015). In the present study there was no sample mortality. Mortality indicators are age-specific rate in death, leading causes behind death (Rand.org, 2002). This systematic review followed the Centre for Reviews and Disseminations guidance. The study was set by considering a large number of evidences gathered from research articles. The setting was appropriate for the study because in the study, a review was to be put up on the study topic. Critique of the measurement instrument. Observation strategy was used for the systematic review. Nominal level of measurement was achieved. Q-methodology and Care-Q instruments were used over here. In this systematic review, 18 of the 23 studies used the Q-methodology. Rest used other instruments. These were Caring Behavior Assessment (CBA), the Caring Behaviours Inventory (CBI), and the Caring Dimensions Inventory (CDI). The instruments are reliable and valid. Procedure for data collection. Q-methodology and Care-Q instrument were used. Critique of the statistical analyses used. Spearmans correlation, t-test, ANOVA was used. These are the science of exploring and presenting data (Fao.org, 2015). Different levels of significance were achieved. The focus of each analysis was on differences between nurses and patients aspects. The statistical procedures used were t-test, Analysis of variance, Spearmans correlation. The statistics are t, F and rho. In some cases specific results and probability were found. Purpose of analysis Statistical procedure Statistic Result Probability (p) differences between the perception of nurse and patient t-test t Not given p = 0 .0001 differences in the comfort, relationship subscales, accessible, anticipates and trusting Analysis of variance F Not given p = 0.05 Correlation for nurses and patients group Spearmans correlation rho 0.94 Not given Critique of the researchers interpretation of findings. The limitation was that some studies used for the review had small samples. Another limitation was that measure of both groups perceptions about caring by the quantitative method were only taken. The paper is useful in giving an idea on perceptions of caring behaviour. The paper can be useful for educational programs for nurses. Further research needs to be done for further knowledge about relationship between patient and nurse in relation with care. References: Khalid S Khan, G. (2003). Five steps to conducting a systematic review.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, [online] 96(3), p.118. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539417/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Nursingworld.org,. (2015).Nursing at its Best: Competent and Caring. Retrieved 30 June 2015, from https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No2-May-2011/Articles-Previous-Topics/Nursing-at-its-Best.aspx Rand.org, (2002).Mortality and Sample Selection: Reply to Noymer | RAND. [online] Available at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1000.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Statmethods.net, (2015).Quick-R: Power Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.statmethods.net/stats/power.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Yu, D. (2015).Threats to validity of Research Design. [online] Web.pdx.edu. Available at: https://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/download/PA555/ResearchDesign.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Fao.org, (2015).6 BASIC STATISTICAL TOOLS. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/w7295e/w7295e08.htm [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015].